in a hydrocarbon-based combustion reaction, what two molecules are most likely to be products?

Some of the fuel (hydrocarbon) may not completely fire during combustion and therefore is released into the atmosphere forth with the products. The products that are formed during combustion of fossil fuels are shown in the prototype below:

Products formed during combustion of fossil fuels.
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Fossil fuels consisting mainly of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen produce the following products during combustion:

The primary pollutants are Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Sulfur (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx), Nitric Oxide (N2O), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and Hydrocarbons (HCs).

The particulate matter produced are Form particles less than 10 microns (PM10), Fine particles less than 2 microns (PM2.5), and Ammonia (NH3).

We will at present look at six products of combustion:

1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Carbon Monoxide
3. Sulfur Dioxide
4. Nitrogen Oxides
5. Lead
6. Particulate Matter

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

Carbon dioxide is one of the maor products of combustion with fossil fuels since carbon accounts for 60–90 percent of the mass of fuels that nosotros burn.

China has emerged as the largest single emitter of energy-related CO₂ emissions, surpassing the U.S. in  carbon dioxide emissions back in 2010.  Now, Red china emits more than 10 million metric tons while the U.South. hovers around 5 1000000 metric tons. The chart beneath shows the trend in carbon dioxide emissions since 1980. For Asia and Oceania, and particularly for China and India, emissions can exist seen to take increased significantly in the past 2 decades.

CO2 Emissions over fourth dimension. Source: OurWorldinData.org.
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Click through each of the tabs to meet how CO2 emissions have changed over fourth dimension and around the world:

In 2019, 29 % of CO2 emissions were from transportation, 25 % were from electricity production, 23 % were from manufacture processes the remaining quarter are from commercial, residential and agricultural applications.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

If a carbon-based fuel and its products are not completely oxidized (i.due east. not burned completely), carbon monoxide will exist formed. Carbon monoxide, or CO, is a colorless, odorless gas. The figure below shows the contribution of various sources to the emissions of CO:

Sources of Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Source of Carbon Monoxide Emission	Amount of Emission
On-Road Vehicles	55%
Non-Road Vehicles & Engines	22%
Industrial Processes	4%
Fuel Consumption	four%
Misc.	15%

Carbon Monoxide is a component of motor vehicle exhaust, which contributes about 55 percentage of all CO emissions nationwide. Other non-route engines and vehicles (such as construction equipment and boats) contribute about 22 percent of all CO emissions nationwide. Higher levels of CO generally occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. In cities, 85 to 95 percent of all CO emissions may come from motor vehicle exhaust.

Other sources of CO emissions include industrial processes (such every bit metals processing and chemical manufacturing), residential woods called-for, as well equally natural sources such as wood fires. Woodstoves, gas stoves, cigarette smoke, and unvented gas and kerosene space heaters are sources of CO indoors.

The highest levels of CO in the outside air typically occur during the colder months of the year when inversion conditions are more than frequent. An inversion is an atmospheric condition that occurs when the air pollutants are trapped almost the basis below a layer of warm air.

Sulfur Dioxide (And so₂)

Sulfur dioxide, or So_two, belongs to the family unit of sulfur oxide gases (SO_x). These gases deliquesce easily in water. Sulfur is prevalent in all raw materials, including crude oil, coal, and ores that incorporate common metals, such every bit aluminum, copper, zinc, pb, and iron.

So_x gases are formed when fuel containing sulfur, such every bit coal and oil, is burned, and when gasoline is extracted from oil, or metals are extracted from ore. And then₂ dissolves in water vapor to course acid and interacts with other gases and particles in the air to course sulfates and other products that can be harmful to people and their environment.

Sources of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

Source of Sulfur Dioxide Emission	Amount of Emission
Fuel Consumption - Electric ultilities	70%
Industrial Processing	nine%
Highway Vehicles	2%
Non Road Vehicles	3%
Fuel Combustion - Industrial and Other	16%

Nitrogen Oxides (NO_ten)

Nitrogen oxides, or NO_x, is the generic term for a group of highly reactive gases, all of which contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts. Many of the nitrogen oxides are colorless and odorless.

Nitrogen oxides form when fuel is burned at loftier temperatures, as in a combustion process. The main sources of NO_ten are motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels as shown in the figure below.

Sources of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions

Source of Nitrogen Oxides Emission	Amount of Emission
Fuel Consumption	39%
Misc.	2%
Industrial	v%
Transportation	54%

Although many of the nitrogen oxides are colorless and odorless, one common pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO_two) along with particles in the air tin can often be seen as a ruby-brown layer over many urban areas.

Smog over Los Angeles

Lead (Atomic number 82)

The major sources of lead emissions accept historically been motor vehicles (such as cars and trucks) and industrial sources.

Due to the phase-out of leaded gasoline, metals processing is the major source of lead emissions to the air today. The highest levels of pb in air are generally plant near pb smelters (devices that process pb ores). Other stationary sources are waste incinerators, utilities, and lead-acid bombardment manufacturers.

Pb is a metallic found naturally in the environs as well as in manufactured products.

Lead is used in the manufacturing of many items, including drinking glass, rubber, paint, batteries, insecticides, plumbing and protective shielding for 10-rays.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Particulate affair (PM) is the general term used to describe a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles are large plenty to be seen as dust or dirt. Others are and then minor they can be detected merely with an electron microscope.

Different sizes of Particles include:

• PM ii.five describes the "fine" particles that are less than or equal to two.five µm (micro meter) in diameter.
• "Coarse fraction" particles are greater than 2.5 µm, but less than or equal to 10 µm in diameter.
• PM x refers to all particles less than or equal to x µm in diameter (most one-seventh the diameter of a man hair). PM can be emitted directly or formed in the atmosphere.

Unlike Sources of Particles include:

• "Master" particles are formed from combustion sources and are emitted direct into the atmosphere. Examples of principal particles are dust from roads or black carbon (soot).
• "Secondary" particles are formed in the atmosphere from principal gaseous emissions. Examples of secondary particles are sulfates formed from SO₂ emissions from ability plants and industrial facilities; nitrates formed from NO_x emissions from ability plants, automobiles, and other combustion sources; and carbon formed from organic gas emissions from automobiles and industrial facilities.

The chemic limerick of PM depends on location, fourth dimension of year, and weather. By and large, principal particles make up fibroid PM and secondary particles make up most of fine PM.

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Source: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/node/1951

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